Lattice structures are selected based on patient-specific anatomy and the intended mechanical function of the implant.

Different lattice architectures enable targeted control of strength, stiffness, load distribution, and biological integration within spinal implants.

Periodic Lattice

Periodic lattices use repeating geometric patterns to provide uniform and predictable mechanical properties.

They are well suited for load-bearing regions where consistent strength and structural support are required.

Stochastic Lattice

Stochastic lattices feature irregular architectures that enhance energy absorption and load redistribution.

They are commonly used in regions where impact resistance and stress mitigation are clinically important.

Gradient Lattice

Gradient lattices vary in density and stiffness across the implant, enabling smooth transitions from rigid to more compliant regions.

This approach helps distribute stress more evenly and reduce stress concentrations at the bone–implant interface.

Conformal Lattice 

Conformal lattices are designed to follow anatomical contours, improving implant fit and initial stability.

This architecture supports close bone–implant contact and promotes effective osseointegration.

Hybrid Lattice  

Hybrid lattices combine multiple lattice architectures within a single implant to achieve region-specific mechanical and biological performance.

This approach allows strength, stiffness, and porosity to be balanced across different implant regions, supporting stable fixation while accommodating anatomical and functional demands.